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Affected subjects often believe they are awake in strange places without remembering how they got there. Thus, some people under this syndrome even carry out criminal acts such as murder.
The syndrome of blackout It is a phenomenon that occurs due to acute intoxication derived from alcohol consumption. This is a type of amnesia that affects any memory that includes episodes that have occurred under the influence of alcohol.
Thus, the blackout characterized by memory impairment during alcohol intoxication. Under this syndrome, affected people may behave in certain characteristic ways. One is known as jamming, which causes people to drive long distances without being fully aware of it or have seemingly normal conversations at parties that they may not later remember.
Affected subjects often believe they are awake in strange places without remembering how they got there. Thus, some people under the influence of this syndrome are capable of even carrying out criminal acts such as murder (2).
Types blackout
A blackout can be complete (en bloc) or partial (fragmentary or attenuated). Thus, when a person is affected by a blackout entire features total amnesia regarding certain otherwise memorable significant episodes. What most characterizes this type of blackout the thing is The memory loss is permanent and cannot be recovered under any circumstances.
However, it seems that the blackout fragmentary occur more frequently (4, 5). In this type of alcohol-induced amnesia, are more likely to remember what happened or part of it.
In these cases, the patient may believe that he has nothing to remember, that those forgotten events simply do not exist. Thus, the metamemory deficit is a problem in research on the blackout partial.
Epidemiology
This syndrome is common especially in people who have a high volume and frequency of alcohol consumption.
In fact, this factor is the most related to the causes of blackout. Thus, today it is known that anyone who drinks too much too quickly can experience a blackout.
Risk factor’s
Although a high blood alcohol concentration is required to induce a blackoutmany of these alcohol consumers remember having drunk much more and not having had this type of amnesia (6).
So, it seems that the main risk factors for blackout are:
Drink alcohol (usually quickly). Drink on an empty stomach. And drink liquor or alcohol other than beer.
However, it seems that Not all people who drink quickly and excessively have these types of episodes. of amnesia. There are people who, for some reason, are more vulnerable to alcohol-induced memory impairment (6, 7).
Pathophysiology of blackout
A blackout is the result of alcohol-induced disruption of memory formation. Memory formation involves the following processes (8):
Coding, initial registration and interpretation of stimuli.Storage, consolidation and maintenance of encoded stimuli.Recovery. That is, the search and retrieval of stored stimuli.
Alcohol has its greatest effects on the first process of memory, encoding. The effect of alcohol on encoding may disrupt context processing for episodic memory formation.
Episodic memory is responsible for the context of memories. If the episode is encoded with a faulty context, as may occur in blackout, then retrieval of memories relating to episodic memory may be particularly difficult (9, 10) or even impossible, in the case of complete blackout.
The positive thing about partial blackout is that, in them, reminding a subject of the events that occurred during the blackout often makes some forgotten memories resurface. These details can be beneficial to reconstruct memory that was not well encoded..
Therapeutic implications in alcohol-induced amnesia
Today it seems clear that the blackouts They do not occur only in those people who abuse alcohol. However the blackout It is an indication of excessive consumption of this. In fact, a large majority of alcoholics experience blackouts during the early phase of addiction (11).
Besides, the blackouts Chronic symptoms can be a clear sign of alcoholism. It has been determined in a study that university students who presented this syndrome were scared by the amnesia they had. Therefore, he decreased his alcohol consumption.
The point is that, if alcohol consumption behavior is not adequately modified After the occurrence of this syndrome, it can lead to chronic addiction to alcohol. Thus, learning about this situation can be key for those affected by alcohol-induced amnesia.
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All cited sources were reviewed in depth by our team to ensure their quality, reliability, validity and validity. The bibliography in this article was considered reliable and of academic or scientific accuracy.
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Goodwin, D.W., Crane, J.B., & Guze, S.B. (1969). Phenomenological aspects of the alcoholic “blackout.” The British Journal of Psychiatry, 115(526), 1033-1038.
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Nelson, EC, Heath, AC, Bucholz, KK, Madden, PA, Fu, Q., Knopik, V., … & Martin, NG (2004). Genetic epidemiology of alcohol-induced blackouts. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(3), 257-263.
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Birnbaum, I.M., Hartley, J.T., Johnson, M.K., & Taylor, T.H. (1980). Alcohol and elaborative schemas for sentences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6(3), 293.
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