Neocortex: structure and functions

Our brain houses everything we are, what we feel and, even more so, what we can become. Much of our evolutionary success is due precisely to the neocortex, neocortex or isocortex, that newest and most extensive region that has made possible such sophisticated processes as communication, writing, sociability, creativity or decision making.

David Eagleman, writer and famous neuroscientist at Stanford University, points out that each brain is unique and singular like a snowflake. No two are alike: they reflect the result of our experiences, behaviors and occupations. However, At a structural level we are all the result of that exceptional phylogenetic development, where the neocortex undoubtedly stands as our greatest success as a species.

Made up of a large number of grooves, six layers and two millimeters thick, it contains about 30,000 million neurons. It is a neuronal layer that covers especially the frontal lobes, whose development and specialization stands out in primates and, of course, in humans. Knowing more data about this area of ​​our brain will allow us to know ourselves much better.. Let’s see it below.

Neocortex, the “newest” and most extensive part of our brain

The neocortex does not have a very notable thickness. However, it should be remembered that this structure is perfectly “folded” just below the skull. Hence the classic appearance of a brain full of furrows and convolutions. So, If we could extend this entire area it would have a length close to two meters.

In addition, The neocortex is also divided into the two cerebral hemispheres. thus favoring greater neuronal specialization. It should also be said that the human being is the only mammal that has such a high concentration of specialized neurons in such a small space. On the other hand, the way in which the different layers of the neocortex are connected has been a mystery until recently. However, as revealed in a study published in the journal Frontiers in Psychology, they do it in the shape of a “column”. That is to say, They make up, according to scientists, laminar and columnar connectivity patterns.The human neocortex also represents 76 percent of our gray matter. As a curiosity It is interesting to know that this structure is not present in birds or reptiles.. However, scientists have discovered that many birds (such as crows) are incredibly intelligent despite not having a defined neocortex.

What functions does the neocortex have?

If we suffer trauma to the neocortex, the consequences can be very serious. In this way, something as dangerous as not wearing a helmet when riding a motorcycle (or bicycle) can mean, for example, losing the ability to communicate, and not only that. All of our cognitive processes, as well as spatial intelligence, being able to recognize faces or even accessing our self-awareness or sense of self, are integrated into this area that is so distinctive between humans and primates.

Let’s see therefore what its main functions are.

Executive functions

We pointed it out a moment ago. In this newest and most specialized layer of our brain, it is easier for us to carry out tasks such as problem solving, decision making, reflection.concentration, self-control, regulation of social behavior… These are highly complex tasks that also respond to our learning capacity and also to those processes that we have integrated as a result of our evolution.

Language and writing

Language, as we know, is a human capacity that places us above the rest of the species. (While it is true that some birds can also speak, what they show is mere imitation and not an authentic sense of communication).

On the other hand, The reading and writing process also responds to a series of complex processes that occur in the neocortex. We are undoubtedly facing a highly sophisticated capacity where we can associate written and oral symbols with meaning.

Sensory perception

Understanding and reacting to what we see and feel is another ability that the neocortex regulates and favors.

motor automations

What makes it possible for us to write, drive, play an instrument or even walk upright automatically and without having to think about it? Although for these activities we use more neurological structures such as the cerebellum, it should be noted that all these processes are possible thanks to the neocortex.

Skills for learning and innovation

The ability to learn and transform what we learn – to create new things – is undoubtedly the highest and most distinctive process of the human being.. That is to say, people do not limit themselves only to transmitting information, to acquiring new skills. We are also capable of transforming reality and increasing knowledge. We do this through observation, analysis, reflection, trial and error and innovation.

This ability, that of learning and creating, has also allowed us to advance as a species. Likewise, as Juan Luis Arsuaga points out in his book “The chosen species”, evolution the neocortex emerged as a result of our social interactions. Furthermore, it is known that The size of this structure had a direct relationship with the number of individuals that formed a social group..

Therefore we cannot leave aside an even more interesting aspect. We continue to evolve. What’s more, it was in 1999 when neuroscientists discovered the great neuroplasticity that the neocortex presents. That is, human beings continue to create neural connections throughout their lives. Our experience and behavior can help create a stronger, more skillful and more resistant neocortex over time…

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